Tropical harmful algal blooms: An emerging threat to coral reef communities?     

Andrew G. Bauman  John A. Burt  Elise Marquis  Paolo Usseglio 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(11):2117-2122

Tropical harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in frequency and intensity and are substantially affecting marine communities. In October/November 2008 a large-scale HAB event (> 500 km², dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides) in the Gulf of Oman caused the complete loss of the branching corals, Pocillopora and Acropora spp., and substantial reductions in the abundance, richness and trophic diversity of the associated coral reef fish communities. Although the causative agents of this C. polykrikoides bloom are unknown, increased coastal enrichment, natural oceanographic mechanisms, and the recent expansion of this species within ballast water discharge are expected to be the main agents. With rapid changes in oceanic climate, enhanced coastal eutrophication and increased global distribution of HAB species within ballast water, large-scale HAB events are predicted to increase dramatically in both intensity and distribution and can be expected to have increasingly negative effects on coral reef communities globally.  相似文献   

电力隧道超大直径顶管施工扰动特性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

丁文其  袁森林  高小庆  谢东武 《岩土力学》2010,31(9):2901-2906

由于顶管工程在经济方面的优势以及控制周围环境水平的提升,而得到广泛应用,但目前顶管扰动特性方面的研究多数限于中小顶管,未考虑超大直径顶管的特殊性。对上海世博电力电缆隧道顶管施工进行了现场监测,并主要分析了水-土压力变化曲线,测试结果反映了超大直径顶管顶进5阶段的扰动特性。工程经验表明,超大直径长距离顶进成功的主要作用因素有3个：泥浆套作用、开挖面控制和姿态动态调整。最后对泥浆套在顶管中的形成过程以及扰动作用机制进行了研究,泥浆套在注入、泥膜形成以及整体发挥作用的过程中具备填充、支承、隔阻、润滑等作用。  相似文献   

Contribution of magnetic resonance sounding to aquifer characterization and recharge estimate in semiarid Niger   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

J.M. Vouillamoz  G. Favreau  S. Massuel  M. Boucher  Y. Nazoumou  A. Legchenko 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2008,64(3-4):99-108

To improve the knowledge of the regionally important Continental Terminal 3 (CT3) aquifer in south-western Niger, fifteen magnetic resonance soundings (MRS) were carried out in December 2005 in the vicinity of wells and boreholes. The output MRS geophysical parameters, i.e. water content and decay constants versus depth, were compared to hydrogeological characteristics, i.e. water table depth, total porosity, specific yield and transmissivity estimated from direct measurements, pumping tests and transient groundwater modelling. The MRS-determined parameters were then used to estimate the rates of groundwater recharge.Contained in poorly consolidated Tertiary sandstones, the CT3 aquifer's water table has continuously risen by 4 m in total over the past four decades. Additionally, a significant portion of this increase has occurred in the past decade alone, with an annual rise now ranging between 0.1 and 0.3 m depending on the monitored well. Increase in groundwater recharge due to land clearance and deforestation explains this situation. According to previous estimations, the pre-clearing recharge ranged from 1 to 5 mm per year in 1950–60 s, while more recent recharge rates (1990s–2000s) range from 20 to 50 mm per year. These recharge values are directly affected by estimated aquifer specific yield value, while the spatial variation of rates of water table rise can be attributed to large scale hydrodynamic heterogeneities in the aquifer. However, few field measurements were available to confirm these assumptions.The main results of this study are: (1) The water table depth and aquifer transmissivity are estimated from MRS output parameters with an average accuracy of ± 10% and ± 9% respectively. (2) The MRS-determined water content is linked to both the total porosity and the specific yield of the aquifer, but no quantitative formulation can be proposed as yet. (3) Using the average MRS-determined water content over the investigated area, i.e. 13%, the groundwater recharge rates can be estimated to be ~ 2 mm per year in the 1950–1960s (pre-clearing period), and ~ 23 mm per year for the last decade. (4) The variations in specific yield and transmissivity cannot explain by themselves the spatial variability of the rise of the water table. (5) The ranges in transmissivity and water content obtained from MRS are more realistic than the groundwater modelling outputs. Therefore, MRS could be used to better constrain the aquifer parameters in groundwater modelling with a dense site network.Finally, this work illustrates how MRS can successfully improve characterisation and transient multi-year groundwater balance of commonly found sedimentary aquifers, particularly when integrated with well observations and pumping tests.  相似文献   

Multiple time-scale modelling of the circulation in Torres Strait—Australia     

Frederic Saint-Cast 《Continental Shelf Research》2008

Ocean circulation influences nearly all aspects of the marine ecosystem. This study describes the water circulation patterns on time scales from hours to years across Torres Strait and adjacent gulfs and seas, including the north of the Great Barrier Reef. The tridimensional circulation model incorporated realistic atmospheric and oceanographic forcing, including winds, waves, tides, and large-scale regional circulation taken from global model outputs. Simulations covered a hindcast period of 8 years (i.e. 01/03/1997–31/12/2004), allowing the tidal, seasonal, and interannual flow characteristics to be investigated. Results indicated that the most energetic current patterns in Torres Strait were strongly dominated by the barotropic tide and its spring-neap cycle. However, longer-term flow through the strait was mainly controlled by prevailing winds. A dominant westward drift developed in summer over the southeasterly trade winds season, which then weakened and reversed in winter over the northwesterly monsoon winds season. The seasonal flow through Torres Strait was strongly connected to the circulation in the north of the Great Barrier Reef, but showed little connectivity with the coastal circulation in the Gulf of Papua. Interannual variability in Torres Strait was highest during the monsoon period, reflecting variability in wind forcing including the timing of the monsoon. The characteristics of the circulation were also discussed in relation to fine sediment transport. Turbidity level in Torres Strait is expected to peak at the end of the monsoon, while it is likely to be at a low at the end of the trade season, eventually leading to a critically low bottom light level which constitutes a severe risk of seagrass dieback.  相似文献   

塔里木河干流土地利用/覆盖变化的社会经济驱动力分析   总被引：14，自引：4，他引：10  

郝兴明  李卫红  陈亚宁  赵瑞锋 《中国沙漠》2007,27(3):405-411

土地利用/覆盖变化的驱动力分析是土地利用/覆盖研究的一个主要核心内容。利用相关分析和主成分分析,探讨土地利用变化的社会经济驱动力。在驱动力分析的基础上,建立人口因素与土地利用程度的分异模型,并通过干扰度指数的计算,分析人类活动对不同景观类型的干扰强度。研究结果表明：研究区土地利用变化的主要社会经济驱动力为：人口因素、经济因素、技术因素和区域社会经济发展程度等。人类活动对建设用地的干扰强度最大,其次是林地、耕地和水域,而对于其他景观类型的干扰度则不甚明显。人口密度与土地利用程度的分异模型适用于分析现阶段人口密度与土地利用程度之间的关系,而且还可以通过预测未来人口变化状况进行土地利用程度的预测。  相似文献   

APPARENT RESISTIVITY TEMPORAL VARIATION CHARAC-TERISTICS AFFECTED BY THE FIXED DISTURBANCE SOURCE ON SURFACE OF MEASURING AREA          下载免费PDF全文

XIE Tao  LU Jun 《地震地质》2016,38(4):922-936

Current leakage,metallic conductor,and local anomalous resistivity body are main disturbance sources which affect the successive observation of apparent resistivity in stations,besides the observing system failure.We construct a finite element model using a 3-layered horizontal medium to discuss the dynamic characteristics of disturbances caused by metal conductor and local anomalous resistivity body in the measuring filed.The numerical results show that low resistivity source which is located in areas where the sensitivity coefficient is positive will cause decline on apparent resistivity observation.While low resistivity source will cause increase when it is located in areas where the sensitivity coefficient is negative.Disturbance caused by high resistivity source is opposite to the one from low resistivity source.The general dynamic feature of disturbance is that the disturbance amplitude increases as the resistivity of shallow layer decreases,while the amplitude declines when the shallow layer's resistivity increases.For the measuring direction which has normal annual variation form,low resistivity source which is located in area where the sensitivity coefficient is positive will increase the annual variation amplitude,while it will reduce annual amplitude when it is in a negative sensitivity coefficient area.Annual amplitude changes caused by high resistivity source are opposite to the changes caused by low resistivity source.For the measuring direction which has abnormal annual variation form,dynamic annual feature is opposite to the one in direction of normal annual variation form.If the dynamic feature is opposite to the annual variation and disturbance amplitude is also greater than annual amplitude,the annual variation will change direction.Disturbance amplitude from metallic conductor is affected by the resistivity and cross-section area,the lower of the resistivity and the larger of the cross-section area,the greater of the disturbance amplitude.  相似文献   

定常风对鄱阳湖水动力的影响   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

姚静  张奇  李云良  李梦凡 《湖泊科学》2016,28(1):225-236

鄱阳湖属大风区,风场作为仅次于流域"五河"倾泻和长江顶托作用的另一重要驱动力,或在某些时刻影响局部区域的水流结构,进而影响局部水体中泥沙、污染物、营养盐等物质的输移和扩散.基于鄱阳湖二维水动力数学模型,模拟定常风场条件下的鄱阳湖流场分布及环流形式,并与无风条件下的水流时空结构进行对比.结果表明:3.03 m/s的NE向和SSW向定常风对湖泊水位影响微弱;对流速的影响主要集中在7月中旬至9月底的"湖相"期;其影响区域主要分布在湖区中部大湖面偏西岸及东部湖湾,约占湖泊最大水面积的16%;上述区域出现明显环流,环流结构具有时空异质性特点,环流区流速普遍增至无风时的两倍以上;NE向和SSW向风场产生的环流位置相近,方向相反.相比于以往鄱阳湖水动力研究中对风场的忽略,本次研究揭示了定常风场对鄱阳湖的重点影响区域、影响程度及影响形式,可为泥沙及污染物输移模拟中对风场条件的处理及可能带来的误差与误差的空间分布提供重要依据.  相似文献   

通河水位与延寿水位短临异常的映震特征     

孟令蕾  秦丽岩  孟令升  谭佳  李继业  任建辉 《防灾减灾学报》2016,(3):34-40

通过对通河地震台、延寿地震台多年水位数据的分析,发现通河地震台与延寿地震台水位对周边中强地震有一定的响应。统计了扰动异常与地震的对应关系,总结了通河、延寿水位几次扰动异常形态、特征、指标。通河地震台和延寿地震台水位出现扰动异常,且扰动成组出现,持续几个小时以上,最大振幅超过7mm,最大周期超过6min,异常结束后一个月之内在测井周边550公里范围内,有发生3.0级以上地震的可能,其扰动持续时间越长,震级越大。  相似文献   

隧道开挖对下伏水平薄煤层采空区地层的扰动及衬砌受荷特征     

符亚鹏  姚志刚  方勇  陈先国 《岩土力学》2016,37(Z1):117-125

为探明下伏薄煤层采空区地层中隧道施工对地层的扰动以及衬砌结构受荷特性,采用离散元颗粒流软件,从细观角度对隧道开挖引起的地层应力变化特性进行了模拟分析,同时在室内开展模型试验量测了下伏煤层采空区地层隧道衬砌背后土压力以及二次衬砌结构内力（轴力、弯矩）,分析了特定围压下间距对土压力和二次衬砌受力的影响。结果表明,下伏煤层采空区地层因隧道开挖引起的围岩松动区呈“O”形分布,隧道下伏围岩颗粒接触力反而小于隧道上覆围岩;洞周允许位移越大,颗粒接触力链间断区域越大;间距越小,颗粒接触力链间断区域越大,当间距大于2.0D（D为隧道跨度）时,下伏采空区对隧道围岩颗粒接触力影响逐渐消失,降低了地基反力,间距越小,降低程度越高;二次衬砌内力分布有一定的离散性,二次衬砌裂缝最先出现在拱底,是隧道主体结构的薄弱环节。  相似文献   

用同相叠加方法识别定点形变数据中的降雨影响     

杨学慧  常玉巧  李燕玲  应骁睿  杨海鹏  崔庆谷 《大地测量与地球动力学》2016,36(10):936-940

分别以昆明台、云龙台为例,用数据同相位叠加的方法分别对形变数据中的典型图像及其对应时段的降雨数据进行叠加,以判断典型图像是否与降雨有关。结果表明,昆明台形变观测中多次出现的同步转折为降雨影响;而云龙台的转折现象则与降雨无关,其来源及属性需要进一步研究。  相似文献